Steered continuous wave doppler methods and systems for two-dimensional ultrasound transducer arrays

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems for acquiring spectral and velocity information with a multi-dimensional array are provided. For example, a dedicated receive aperture is formed at a multi-dimensional array for steered continuous wave imaging. Other elements not within the dedicated receive aperture are used for transmitting continuous waves or transmitting and receiving pulsed waveforms in other modes of imaging. As another example, switches or other structures are provided for selecting between a plurality of possible apertures for a steered continuous wave aperture. The selection is performed in response to a configuration of an ultrasound system, such as selection of a focal location or steer direction. The aperture is then used for either transmit or receive operations of steered continuous wave imaging. As yet another example, at least part of the steered continuous wave beamformer is provided within a transducer assembly. The transducer assembly includes a probe housing and a connector housing electrically connected by a cable. In yet another example, at least one angle of a three-dimensional indication of flow direction is input from a user. Velocity values in either steered continuous wave imaging or pulsed wave imaging are corrected as a function of a three-dimensional indication of flow direction.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to steered continuous wave Dopplerultrasound imaging.

Steered continuous wave Doppler imaging is provided usingone-dimensional arrays. Dedicated transmit and receive apertures areused on the array, so coaxial cables and associated elements may beelectrically isolated to avoid interference. The steered continuous waveDoppler receive beamformer is typically analog to provide large dynamicrange and sensitivity. The data output by the steered continuous wavereceive beamformer is used to generate a spectral Doppler image. A graphof velocities as a function of time is generated. For each given time, arange of velocities are highlighted. The highlighted velocities aremodulated as a function of the associated energy. The range ofvelocities and associated energies at a given steer direction isdisplayed as a function of time as a moving graph.

The velocity information represents velocities towards and away from thetransducer. Where blood flow is at an angle to the scan line, the actualvelocity may differ. Various techniques are provided for anglecorrecting velocity information for two-dimensional imaging. Forexample, the user inputs an indication of the direction of flow within atwo-dimensional image. The angle information is used to determine anactual velocity. As another example, the ultrasound system automaticallyacquires data at each spatial location from different angles and usesthe angles and associated velocities to determine an actual velocityvalues. The angle information is used to determine an actual velocity.For two-dimensional imaging, the angle is applied to velocities at aplurality of locations in an image representing a scan region at a giventime.

However, techniques applicable to one-dimensional arrays andtwo-dimensional imaging may not apply to steered continuous wave imagingusing a two-dimensional array capable of three-dimensional imaging. Twodimensional arrays typically include hundreds or thousands of elements,such as an order of magnitude of 10 or more than one-dimensional arrays.Providing sufficient dynamic range and avoiding cross-talk may increasecomplexity and cost. Since circuitry may be provided within a transducerprobe for each of the elements, the cost of providing sufficient dynamicrange is increased for steered continuous wave imaging as compared toDoppler imaging using pulse waves.

BRIEF SUMMARY

By way of introduction, the preferred embodiments described belowinclude methods and systems for acquiring spectral or velocityinformation with a multi-dimensional array. Various aspects are providedfor overcoming hardware size, channel count and steering difficulties.For example, a dedicated receive aperture is formed on amulti-dimensional array for steered continuous wave imaging. Otherelements not within the dedicated receive aperture are used fortransmitting continuous waves or transmitting and receiving pulsedwaveforms in other modes of imaging. To allow for steering throughout avolume, the dedicated receive aperture or a selected receive aperturemay be symmetric about the center of the array. As another exampleaspect, switches or other structures are provided for selecting betweena plurality of possible apertures for a steered continuous waveaperture. The selection is performed in response to a configuration ofan ultrasound system, such as selection of a steer direction or anoptimal focus location. The aperture is then used for either transmit orreceive operations of steered continuous wave imaging. As yet anotherexample aspect, at least part of the steered continuous wave beamformeris provided within a transducer assembly. The transducer assemblyincludes a probe housing and a releasable connector housing electricallyconnected by a cable. In yet another example aspect, at least one angleof a three-dimensional indication of flow direction is input from auser. Velocity values in either steered continuous wave imaging orpulsed wave inaging are corrected as a function of a three-dimensionalindication of flow direction.

The present invention is defined by the following claims, and nothing inthis section should be taken as limitation on those claims. Any of thevarious aspects or advantages discussed herein may be used independentlyor in any possible combination. In some embodiments, none of the aspectsor advantages discussed herein may be provided. Further aspects andadvantages of the invention are described below in conjunction with thepreferred embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasisinstead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.Moreover, in the figures, like reference numerals designatecorresponding parts throughout the different views.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a system for acquiringspectral information with a multidimensional array;

FIG. 2 is a flow chart of one embodiment of a method for using adedicated receive continuous wave aperture on a multidimensional array;

FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of one embodiment of a symmetricaldedicated receive aperture for continuous waving imaging with amultidimensional array;

FIG. 4 is a flow chart diagram of one embodiment of a method forselecting apertures for continuous wave imaging;

FIGS. 5 and 6 are graphical representations of different selectedapertures on a multidimensional array; and

FIG. 7 is a flow chart diagram of one embodiment of a method for anglecorrecting velocity information using a multidimensional transducerarray.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

To limit receive beamformer costs and electrical crosstalk, oneembodiment uses dedicated receive channels for steered continuous waveimaging. Other channels are provided for transmit and receive operationsin other modes on a multidimensional array. Dedicated channels form asubaperture that is symmetric about the center of the array, butnon-symmetric subapertures may be used. In other embodiments, selectablereceive or transmit apertures for steered continuous wave imaging areprovided for a more uniform two-way response through rotation of theapertures as a function of the selected steering angle. The rotatedapertures may be symmetric for further improved response. Anglecorrection is provided in response to user input for determining actualvelocity values used for steered continuous wave or pulse wave imagingin yet other embodiments.

FIG. 1 shows a system 10 for acquiring spectral information with amultidimensional transducer array 12. The system 10 is used to implementone or more of the above described dedicated receive aperture,selectable aperture and/or three-dimensional angle correction. Thesystem 10 includes a transducer assembly 14 and an imaging system 16. Inone embodiment, the transducer assembly 14 is detachable or releasablyconnectable with the imaging system 16. In other embodiments, thetransducer assembly 14 is permanently attached to the imaging system 16.The system 10 is a cart-mounted, handheld, portable or other now knownor later developed medical diagnostic ultrasound imaging system. Twoexample embodiments of the system 10 are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.______, and ______ (U.S. application Ser. Nos. ______, and ______(attorney reference numbers 2003P14534 US and 2003P14535 US, filed Dec.19, 2003)), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein byreference.

The imaging system 16 is a medical diagnostic ultrasound imaging systemin one embodiment. In other embodiments, the imaging system 16 is acomputer, workstation or other medical imaging system. For an ultrasoundsystem, the imaging system 16 includes a transmit beamformer 24 and areceive beamformer 26 connected with a connector 22. The transmitbeamformer 24 is operable to generate a plurality of relatively delayedand apodized steered continuous or pulsed waveforms for transmittingacoustic energy. The electrical signals generated by the transmitbeamformer 24 are routed to the connector 22. The connector 22 alsoelectrically connects to the receive beamformer 26. In one embodiment,the connections within the imaging system 16 from the connector 22 arepermanent and made through one or more switches, such as a transmit andreceive switch.

The receive beamformer 26 is an analog or digital receive beamformer.The receive beamformer 26 includes a plurality of delays, amplifiers andone or more summers. The receive beamformer 26 is configured to receiveanalog signals, but may be configured to receive digital signals. Theelectrical signals representing different elements or groups of elementsare relatively delayed, apodized and then summed to form samples orsignals representing one or different spatial locations along one ormore receive beams. The receive beamformer 26 is configured to provide awideband interface, such as a switching matrix with 384-wire impedancecontrolled paths from the connector 22 to the beamforming cards or slotson the printed circuit board interconnects. Other switching matrix andnumber of paths may be provided.

In one embodiment, the receive beamformer 26 includes separatebeamformers for either analog or digital data or as a function ofimaging mode, such as a separate spectral Doppler beamformer and aseparate B-mode and color-flow mode beamformer. For example, the receivebeamformer 26 is a digital processor on a card, ASIC or other device,and a separate analog processor for continuous wave signals is providedon a separate card. One receive beamformer 26 may be used for bothcontinuous and pulsed waveform beamformation.

The receive beamformer 26 may be distributed, such as different parts ofthe beamformer in different locations within the imaging system 16 orexternal to the imaging system 16 (e.g., a portion of the receivebeamformer 26 within the transducer probe assembly 14). The steeredcontinuous wave receive beamformer 26 may be at least partly in thetransducer assembly 14 as designated by 34. For example, the steeredcontinuous wave beamformer 34 includes a pre-amplifier, a delay or phaserotator, a summer or combinations thereof in a probe housing 17 of thetransducer assembly 14. Alternatively, the steered continuous wavebeamformer 26 is entirely in the transducer assembly 14 or the imagingsystem 16.

The components of the steered continuous wave receive beamformer 26, 34have a dynamic range for continuous wave imaging, such as providing atype of preamplifier, sufficient power supply and minimal noisecomponents for continuous wave imaging. The delays may be implementedwith a single wavelength delay or phase capability. For comparison, thecomponents for a pulsed wave or multi-dimensional imaging receivebeamformer have multiple cycle delays with a higher resolution of delayand have a lesser dynamic range. In one embodiment, one or more of thecomponents of the steered continuous wave beamformer 34, 26 and a pulsedwave beamformer are shared, such as preamplifiers, delays, amplifiers,summers or the entire receive channel path.

Further processes and associated circuitry are implemented by theimaging system 16 for generating an image or for calculatingmeasurements from the receive beamformed information. Different,additional or fewer transmit and receive circuit devices or componentsmay be provided.

The connector 22 is one of any now-known or later-developed mechanicaland electrical connectors for detachably connecting and removing thetransducer probe assembly 12. The connector 22 includes grooves,extensions, latches, screws, threaded holes or any other now-known orlater-developed mechanical structure for releasably connecting toanother device. A plurality of male or female electrical connections forconnecting with individual digital traces, such as in a circuit boardconfiguration, or for connecting with coaxial cables is provided. Forexample, 192 or other number of electrical connections of exposedmetallic traces on a circuit board for mating are recessed within theconnector 22. In one embodiment, the connector disclosed in U.S. Pat.No. 6,371,918, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference, is used. While one connector 22 is shown, a plurality ofdifferent connectors may be provided for connecting to a same type ordifferent types of transducer probe assemblies 12. The connector 22electrically connects with the receive beamformer 26 for communicatinganalog or digital signals. In alternative embodiments, the connector 22is a standard or custom connection on a PC, digital repeater or otherelectrical device for locally processing data or for transmitting datafor remote processing.

The ultrasound transducer probe assembly 14 includes the transducerprobe housing 17, a cable 18, and a connector housing 20. Additional,different or fewer components may be provided. For example, a hand-heldsystem 10 is provided where the transducer probe housing 17 is includedas part of the connector housing 20 without the cable 18. The transducerprobe assembly 14 provides a detachable transducer.

The transducer probe housing 17 is plastic, metal, rubber, combinationsthereof or any other now-known or later-developed material for housing amultidimensional transducer array 12 of elements. In one embodiment, thetransducer probe housing 17 is shaped for hand-held use. In otherembodiments, the transducer probe housing 17 is shaped for use internalto a patient, such as shaped as an endoscope or catheter. The transducerprobe housing 17 at least partially houses the multidimensional array 12of elements, such as covering a portion of the array 12 and allowing aface of the array 12 acoustical access for scanning a patient.

The elements of the array 12 are piezoelectric, capacitive membraneultrasound transducer or other now-known or later-developed elements forconverting between electrical and acoustical energies. Themultidimensional array 12 is distributed in any of various patterns,including triangular, square, rectangular, hexagonal or other now knownor latter developed grids. Full or sparse sampling of the elementswithin the grid is used. For example, a 2-dimensional array has 1,920 orother number of fully-sampled elements in a square, hexagonal,triangular or rectangular grid positioned on a planar or curved surface.The transducer array 12 includes a flex circuit, signal traces or otherstructures for electrical interconnection from the elements of the array12 to other electronics of the probe assembly 12. For example, the flexcircuits are connected to a plurality of coaxial cables in the cable 18or to electronics or connector within the connector housing 20.

In an alternative embodiment, the transducer array 12 electricallyconnects to electrical components within the probe housing 17, such asswitches 19, the steered continuous wave beamformer 34 and/or the pulsedwave beamformer 21. For example, the switches 19 are a transistornetwork, cross-point network or multiplexer electrically connectedbetween the plurality of cables of the cable 18 and the transducerelements of the array 12. The switches 19 are positioned in thetransducer probe housing 17 with the array 12. The switches 19 areoperable to selectably connect different elements to different receivebeamformer channels. Where a selectable transmit, receive or bothtransmit and receive aperture for steered continuous wave beamforming isused, the switches 19 allow connection of different elements todifferent transmit and receive channels for defining the apertures.Multi-layer or single layer switching may be used for routing signalsfrom each element to a selected one or more channels. The switches 19may allow connection to any one or more of a sub-set or all of thetransmit and/or receive channels.

In one embodiment, the switches 19 are provided for a sub-set of theelements. Other elements are permanently connected as a dedicatedreceive aperture for use with steered continuous waveforms. Thenon-dedicated elements are used for transmit steered continuous waveformoperation and transmit and receive operation in other modes of imaging,such as pulsed wave imaging (e.g., two or three dimensional B-mode orcolor mode imaging). In alternative embodiments, a dedicated receiveaperture for steered continuous wave imaging includes switches forselecting different ones of the elements for connection with differentchannels of the steered continuous waveform beamformer 34, 26. In yetother embodiments, the switches 19 are used for the entire array withouta dedicated steered continuous wave aperture, such as for usingselectable steered continuous wave apertures.

In one embodiment, at least a portion of the steering continuous wavebeamformer 34 is provided in the probe housing 17 or transducer assembly14. For example, pre-amplifiers, delays, phase rotators amplifiers andsummers are provided for partially beamforming a plurality ofsub-apertures of a receive aperture. As another example, signals fromelements associated with a same or similar delay are routed together(i.e., summed) using switches 19 to partially beamform the signals for asub-aperture prior to or after applying the delay. The delays are eitherincluded within the transducer assembly 14 or the imaging system 16.Other components may also be included, such as filters. Fewer componentsof the steering continuous wave beamformer 34, 26 may be provided in theprobe housing 17 or transducer assembly 14, such as components prior todelay, prior to amplification for apodization or prior to summation.

Other electronics may be provided in the probe housing 17 or theconnector housing 20. For example, electronics operable to multiplexsignals from a plurality of elements onto a fewer number of outputsusing time division multiplexing. In alternative embodiments, otherforms of multiplexing are provided. Preamplifiers or other structuresare also included in other embodiments with the multiplexer. Forexample, the structures disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. ______ and ______(U.S. Ser. Nos. 10/184,461 and 10/341,871), the disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference, are used. For a multidimensionalarray, signals from every 2, 4, 8 or other number of elements aremultiplexed onto a common output. A plurality of outputs for differentgroups of elements is provided. In alternative embodiments, the probeelectronics are different components for the same or differentfunctions, or the transducer probe housing 17 is provided without thefurther electronics. In another embodiment, the probe electronicsinclude delays, amplifiers and summers for performing beamformingfunctions for sub-arrays or across the entire array.

The cable 18 includes a plurality of coaxial cables. For example, 64,128, 192 or other number of coaxial cables are provided for transmittingelectrical signals representing acoustic energy received at elements ofthe array 12. Each coaxial cable receives information for one element,information from a sub-array or multiplexed information representing aplurality of different elements. In alternative embodiments, the cable18 is a flexible circuit, optical data path, fiber optic, insulatedwires or other now-known or later-developed structure. For example,analog-to-digital converters are provided in the transducer probehousing 17, and digital signals are transmitted along now-known orlater-developed digital paths through the cable 18. The cable 18electrically connects the ultrasound transducer array 12 to theelectronics of the connector housing 20 or imaging system 16. Wheremultiplexing or partial beamforming is provided, fewer cables thanelements may be used. In the embodiment with a dedicated steeredcontinuous wave receive aperture, the cables associated with thededicated aperture may be shielded from other cables to reduce anycross-talk. The shielding is in addition to the coaxial shielding, suchas a sheet of dielectric material separating dedicated receive cablesfrom other cables. In other embodiments, such as the selectable apertureembodiments, the shielding between cables is provided by the coaxial orother shielding resulting from the cables being used.

The connector housing 20 is metal, plastic, rubber, combinations thereofor other now-known or later-developed material for housing or at leastpartially housing a releasable connector 28 and any other optionalcomponents. The connector housing 20 is connected at the end of thecable 18, so that the connector housing 20 is spaced from the ultrasoundtransducer array 12 and associated probe housing 17.

The connector housing 20 is shaped to allow detachment and attachment tothe imaging system 16. In one embodiment, now-known connector housingsare extended in length away from the connector 28 to accommodate theadditional electronics, such as extending by twice the distance used forconnectors without electronics to accommodate demultiplexers, partialbeamformers, analog-to-digital converters or other components. Differentchanges in dimension may be provided, such as making the connectorhousing 20 longer, higher, wider or combinations thereof.

The releasable connector 28 electrically connects with the ultrasoundtransducer array 12 without any detachable connections. Alternatively,one or more detachable connections are provided, such as at theinterface between the cable 18 and the probe housing 17. The connector28 is releasably connectable with the imaging system 16. The connector28 includes mechanical and electrical structures corresponding to themechanical and electrical structures of the connector 22 of the imagingsystem 16. For example, a plurality of electrical signal lines forconnection with exposed traces on a circuit board protrudes from theconnector housing 20 for insertion into the connector 22. The connectors22, 28 include power, clock, synchronization or other control lines forimplementing the digital processing within the connector housing 20 orthe transducer probe assembly 12 in synchronization with a format usableby the imaging system 16. Latches, extensions, screws, threaded holes orother now-known or later-developed releasable connection structures areprovided for mechanically attaching the connectors 28 and 22. In oneembodiment, the connector 28 is a connector as disclosed in U.S. Pat.No. 6,371,918. Different connectors may be provided. The connector 28and 22 are operable to easily detach and attach. Through rotation,latching or other processes, the connectors 22, 28 are attached ordetached in seconds or tens of seconds. Longer time periods may be usedfor more solid connections or for different connectors.

FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of a method for acquiring spectralinformation with a multidimensional transducer array. A multidimensionaltransducer array is used in the system 10 as described above for FIG. 1or a different system. Additional, different or fewer acts than shown inFIG. 2 may be used, such as providing for the transmission and receptionof continuous waves in acts 40 and 42 independent of or without thepulsed wave transmission and reception of acts 24 and 46.

In act 40, continuous waves are transmitted from the multidimensionalarray. The continuous waves include waveforms with a plurality ofcycles, such as about 10, tens or hundreds of cycles. While the term“continuous” is used, the waveforms have a beginning and an ending toallow interleaving or discreet uses of the continuous wave imaging. Forsteered continuous wave imaging, continuous waves are transmitted from aplurality of different elements with relative delays or phasing andapodization. The delays and apodization are selected to focus thecontinuous waveforms at a desired location, such as a user selectedfocal position.

In act 42, echoes responsive to the transmitted continuous waves arereceived on a dedicated aperture of a multidimensional transducer array.The receive aperture is dedicated to receiving steered continuouswaveform echoes, such as being switchably or permanently connected to areceive beamformer for steered continuous wave beamforming. Theremainder of the array is used for the transmission of steeredcontinuous waveforms and transmission and reception in other imagingmodes. For example, a portion or the entirety of the remainder of themultidimensional array not dedicated to receiving steered continuouswaveforms, is used for performing B-mode and/or multidimensional Dopplerimaging. The subaperture used for continuous wave transmission and otherimaging modes uses the common hardware, cables or circuitry providedwith the multidimensional array. The elements and associated cables orother signal paths of the dedicated subaperture used for receivingcontinuous wave signals is independently shielded from other channels.Where the continuous wave receive beamformer is provided within theimaging system, the signal paths from the multidimensional transducerarray to the receive beamformer are also dedicated. For either local orremote receive beamforming, the receive beamformer channels for thededicated aperture provide sufficient or optimized dynamic range andsensitivity. Channels connected to other portions of themultidimensional transducer array may have reduced size and complexityfor other imaging modes or transmission of steered continuous waves.

In one embodiment, the elements of the dedicated receive aperture have alarger pitch than elements of the multidimensional array of a differentsubaperture. For example, the multidimensional transducer array ismanufactured with different sized PZT posts or kerfing profiles toprovide a larger pitch for the dedicated receive aperture. The largepitch may reduce the number of steered continuous wave receivebeamformer channels and associated cables communicating information backto an imaging system. As another example, adjacent or elements spacedapart within the dedicated receive aperture are switchably shortedtogether, such as where the elements are associated with a same orsimilar delay or phase shift given a selected steering angle. Byshorting together adjacent or spaced apart elements, a larger pitch isprovided than where elements are not shorted together. The effects ofgrating lobes may be minimized by using a fully sampled transmitaperture. In alternative embodiments, a same pitch is provided in boththe dedicated steered continuous wave receive aperture as well as theother subaperture used for transmit or other imaging modes.

The dedicated receive aperture is positioned in any of variouscontinuous or sparse positions within the multidimensional transducerarray. In one embodiment, the dedicated receive aperture is symmetricabout a center of the multidimensional transducer array. FIG. 3 showsone embodiment of a dedicated receive aperture symmetric about thecenter of the multidimensional transducer array 12. The array 12 is a16×16 array of elements in a fully sampled square grid, but othersamplings and grid distributions may be provided. The elements of thededicated receive aperture 48 are positioned at the corners of the array12. For example, an equal number of elements in a same distribution areprovided at each of the corners for the dedicated receive aperture 48.Each of the elements within the dedicated receive aperture operatesindependently or connects to a separate receive beamformer channel, butone or more of the elements may be shorted together as a function of thesteering direction or other reason. The dedicated receive aperture 48 issymmetric along both dimensions of the multidimensional transducer array12 about the center 54. By providing a symmetric dedicated receiveaperture, the effects of steering away from the receive aperture areminimized. The remaining elements of the array 12 used for transmitoperation or transmit and receive operations in other imaging modes. Forsteered continuous wave operation, an optional buffer 52 of one or moreelements between the elements of the dedicated receive aperture 48 andthe elements of a transmit aperture 50 are shown in FIG. 3 between thereceive aperture 48 and a transmit aperture 50. The buffer 52 minimizescrosstalk between transmit and receive elements. In alternativeembodiments, the buffer elements 52 are not provided or a wider bufferis provided.

For operation in other imaging modes, the elements of the subaperture 50and/or buffer aperture 52 are used for both transmit and receiveoperation. For other modes of operation, such as B-mode, the corner oredge elements contribute less to the resulting image, so dedication ofthe elements to a steered continuous wave receive aperture may haveminimal effects. A tradeoff between the size of the dedicated receiveaperture, the associated sensitivity and imaging performance of otherimaging modes using the remaining subaperture 50 of the array 12 isselected as a function of intended application or possible applications.A greater or lesser number or percentage of the array 12 may be used forthe dedicated receive aperture. In other embodiments, a portion or allof the dedicated receive aperture is spaced from one or more of theedges of the array 12. A portion or the entirety of a continuousaperture region of the dedicated receive aperture may be positioned atthe center 54 of the array 12 in yet other embodiments. Non-symmetricdistributions may also be used.

In act 44, pulse waves are transmitted with elements of themultidimensional array that are separate from the elements of thededicated receive aperture. For example, the same or an overlappingaperture used for transmission of the steering continuous waves is usedfor transmitting pulse waves. The pulse waves comprise one to fourcycles, but a greater number of cycles may be provided in otherembodiments. Pulse waves are used or configured for generating two- orthree-dimensional image representations, such as transmitting along aplurality of different scan lines in sequence as part of a scan. In act46, the same or a slightly different aperture is used to receive signalsresponsive to the transmitted pulse waves. For example, elements of themultidimensional transducer array other than the dedicated receiveaperture are used for receiving the pulse wave echo signals.

By providing a dedicated receive aperture for steered continuouswaveforms, various components of the receive aperture may be shieldedfrom components associated with the remainder of the elements of thearray. For example, preamplifiers, cables, receive beamformer circuitsand combinations thereof within the transducer assembly 14 of thededicated receive aperture are shielded from other devices. Amplifiersor receive beamformer circuits may be shielded by a physical shieldstructure or separation on different circuit boards or flexiblecircuits. Echo signals received in response to steered continuous wavesare transmitted to a dedicated continuous wave beamformer over a pathseparate from signals received in response to transmitted pulsed wavesor a path separate from transmit waveforms. The separation may minimizeor reduce crosstalk and allow for shielding. Alternatively, the separatepath is provided without the shielding.

FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of a method for acquiring spectralinformation with a multidimensional array. The method uses the system 10or a different system. Additional, different or fewer acts may beprovided in alternative embodiments. The method provides for aselectable transmit and/or receive apertures in a multidimensional arrayfor steered continuous waveform imaging.

In act 60, the ultrasound system is configured for continuous waveoperation. For example, the user selects a continuous wave imagingapplication. The system automatically configures the transmit andreceive beamformers, and any other processors for acquiring spectralDoppler information. As another example, the user indicates a focuslocation or a steer direction within a multidimensional image, such as acolor Doppler image, for acquiring spectral Doppler information. As aresult of the selected focus position or steer direction, varioustransmit and receive beamformer parameters for steered continuous wavesare established or selected from a table.

In act 62, an aperture is selected in response to the configuration. Aplurality of possible apertures is available, such as two, three or morepossible apertures. Each aperture corresponds to a different steeringangle, different scan line origin, different depth or combinationsthereof. In one embodiment, the selected aperture is a receive aperture.In other embodiments, the selected aperture is a transmit aperture.

FIGS. 5 and 6 show two different aperture configurations for steeredcontinuous wave imaging, representing rotation of an aperture as afunction of scan line direction. For a given steer direction or focallocation for spectral Doppler imaging, a fixed scan line and associatedtransmit and receive apertures are selected. Alternatively, the locationof the focus or steer direction is tracked to account for tissue ortransducer movement. As a result, the scan line and associated transmitand receive apertures may vary as a function of time. In either case,the aperture configuration of FIG. 5 is used for different origins,steering angles or depth than the aperture configuration of FIG. 6. Asshown, a transmit aperture 50 on a multidimensional transducer array 12is shown separated from a receive aperture 48 by a buffer of elements52. The aperture configuration of FIG. 5 is shown rotated about thecenter 54 of the array 12. FIG. 5 is used for scan lines at an angle ofabout 45° clockwise on the face of the array 12. In alternativeembodiments, the aperture configuration of FIG. 5 is used for scan lineangles of about 135° to the face of the array 12. Alternatively, thetransmit and receive apertures 48 and 50 are flipped about the buffer 52for scan lines at about a 135° angle to the face of the transducer 12.FIG. 6 shows an aperture configuration for scan lines steered at anangle of 270° to the array 12 where 0° is straight up from the center 54on the face of the array 12. The apertures of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 may beused for other angles or for a range of possible angles. Differentnumbers of selectable aperture configurations may be provided fordifferent range groupings of steering angles. While FIGS. 5 and 6 showrotation symmetrically about the center 54 of the array 12, asymmetricrotations may also be provided. By orienting the aperture configurationswith the receive aperture closest to the focal point in an off-axissteered scan line, a more uniform two-way response may be provided. Thevoltage associated with transmit may be increased or decreased toaccount for the further distance of the transmit aperture from the focalregion. While FIGS. 5 and 6 show contiguous transmit and receiveapertures 50, 48, transmit or receive apertures 48, 50 with differentshapes may be used. For example, the transmit and receive apertureconfiguration of FIG. 3 is selected in one embodiment, such as for afocal location orthogonal to the center 54 of the array 12 or in a rangeof angles around the orthogonal.

Other possible apertures include transmit or receive apertures 48, 50with different sizes. For example, transmit or receive beamformerchannels for steering continuous wave imaging may be limited, resultingin fewer elements within one of the transmit or receive apertures. Wheresuch limitations exist, the other of the receive or transmit aperturemay be increased or decreased in size to compensate for or correspondwith the size of the other aperture. Where further off-axis steering isprovided, the size of the apertures may be increased to compensate forsample volume increases. The greater aperture size may increase theamount of focus. For example, a smaller receive aperture may beselected. As a result, a larger transmit aperture is selected to providea tight focus and better two-way response. The size and shape of theapertures may be selected a function of the depth of the focal point. Aslarger steering angles are used, larger transmit and/or receiveapertures may be provided for the steered continuous wave operation.

The relative positions of the transmit and/or receive apertures on thearray 12 may also be varied. The relative center of the transmit,receive or both apertures may be selected at different locations, suchas sliding the apertures to different locations on the array 12. Forexample, the origin of the scan line extending through a selected focallocation is shifted on the array. For example, the center of thetransmit or receive aperture is shifted away from the center 54 of thearray. The shift may make the scan line angle more orthogonal to thearray 12. Alternatively, the shift avoids transmitting acoustic energyof the steered continuous waveforms through an undesired tissue boundaryor other structure, such as bone.

In act 64, the selected aperture is used for steered continuous waveoperation. For example, either transmit or receive operations areperformed with the selected aperture. In one embodiment, both transmitand receive apertures are selected from a plurality of possible transmitand receive apertures, such as three or more of each. In an alternativeembodiment, a dedicated or fixed receive aperture is used. The transmitaperture varies within the array 12 using elements other than elementsdedicated to the receive aperture. For example, the transmit aperture 50of FIG. 3 is increased in size or reduced in size as a function of thesteering continuous wave configuration. The shape or relative positionwithin available elements may also be selected.

Where a different steered continuous wave configuration is implemented,such as through user selection of a different focal range position,steer direction or through system automated selection of a differentfocal range position, the same or different transmit and/or receiveapertures are selected for the new configuration. For example, differentreceive and transmit apertures are selected from at least two, three ormore possible transmit and receive aperture configurations on amulti-dimensional array in response to a different steering angle.

FIG. 7 shows one embodiment of a method for acquiring velocityinformation with a multidimensional array. The method of FIG. 7 uses thesystem 10 or a different system. Additional, different or fewer acts maybe provided. The velocity values acquired for steered continuous wave orpulse wave imaging are corrected as a function of an angle of flow.Since multidimensional transducer arrays may be used forthree-dimensional or real time four-dimensional imaging, the anglecorrection applied is for a three-dimensional indication of the flowdirection.

In act 70, the user inputs at least one angle of a three-dimensionalindication of flow direction. For example, a three-dimensionalrepresentation is generated as an image on a display. Through rotationor other three-dimensional imaging techniques, a beginning and endlocation of a three-dimensional vector within the representedthree-dimensional space is selected by the user. The three-dimensionalvector provides an angle relative to each of three axes for the vector.In an alternative embodiment, the user selects one or two angles of athree-dimensional vector. The system automatically determines otherangles or an assumed angle is used. For example, the user rotates athree-dimensional representation until the vessel or flow of interest isat a desired angle on the screen, such as horizontal or vertical. Inresponse to an input, such as a depression of a key, thethree-dimensional vector is determined from a two-dimensional imagerepresenting three-dimensions on the screen. For example, across-sectional two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional scan volumeis displayed for the user to select the three-dimensional vector.Automatic determination of one or more angles of the three-dimensionalvector is performed using an analysis of flow data, different scan linesintersecting the same location or other now known or later developedtechniques. For example, an automatic technique is used to determineflow along one or two-dimensions. The user then indicates a direction offlow along a third dimension. The three-dimensional indication of flowmay be used for spectral Doppler, two-, three- or four-dimensionalimaging.

The three-dimensional indication of the flow direction is provided at asingle location in one embodiment. For steered continuous wave imaging,the single three-dimensional vector may be used. For two- orthree-dimensional imaging, either a single or multiple user inputthree-dimensional indications of flow direction are provided. Forexample, the flow direction is assumed to be the same throughout ascanned volume. As another example, the flow direction indication isused for only a region of a volume, and different flow directionindicators are provided for different regions. In yet other embodiments,a system automatically determines the flow direction in three-dimensionsfor each of a plurality of spatial locations based on a flow directionindicated by the user at a single location or at multiple locations.

In act 72, the velocity values are corrected as a function of thethree-dimensional indication of flow direction. Velocity valuesestimated using an ultrasound system correspond to velocities towardsand away from the ultrasound transducer along a scan line. Bydetermining the angle of the three-dimensional flow relative to the scanline position, the velocity values may be corrected. The magnitude offlow along the scan line in combination with the three-dimensional angleallows determination of the actual velocity at each location. Forsteered continuous wave imaging, the velocities of the spectraldetermination are corrected. As a result, the range of velocities andassociated energies for a given range gate or focal location aredetermined as actual velocities. Alternatively, two- orthree-dimensional Doppler velocities are corrected for each of aplurality of locations in a two- or three-dimensional representation.

While the invention has been described above by reference to variousembodiments, it should be understood that many changes and modificationscan be made without departing from the scope of the invention. It istherefore intended that the foregoing detailed description be regardedas illustrative rather than limiting, and that it be understood that itis the following claims, including all equivalents, that are intended todefine the spirit and the scope of this invention.

1. A method for acquiring spectral information with a multi-dimensionalarray, the method comprising: (a) transmitting continuous waves from themulti-dimensional array; (b) receiving signals responsive to (a) at adedicated steered continuous wave receive aperture of themulti-dimensional array; (c) transmitting pulsed waves with elements ofthe multi-dimensional array separate from the elements of the dedicatedsteered continuous wave receive aperture; and (d) receiving signalsresponsive to (c) with elements of the multi-dimensional array separatefrom the elements of the dedicated steered continuous wave receiveaperture.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the dedicated steeredcontinuous wave receive aperture is symmetric about a center of themulti-dimensional transducer array.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein themulti-dimensional transducer array comprises an array on one of arectangular, triangular, hexagonal and square grid, the dedicatedsteered continuous wave receive aperture comprises elements in the outercorners of the multi-dimensional transducer array.
 4. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising: (e) shielding at least one of:pre-amplifiers, cables, receive beamformer circuits and combinationsthereof within a transducer probe assembly of the dedicated steeredcontinuous wave receive aperture from other devices.
 5. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising: (e) transmitting the signals received during(b) to a dedicated continuous wave beamformer over a path separate fromsignals received during (d).
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein elementsof the dedicated steered continuous wave receive aperture have a largerpitch than the elements of the multi-dimensional array separate from theelements of the dedicated steered continuous wave receive aperture.7-24. (canceled)